For indication S use a variety of methods – organoleptic (on signs, determined by the senses), biological (on effects on living organisms), chemical (based on the reaction of S with chemical reagents), biochemical, physical, etc.

Requirements for methods of indication S – easy technique, high sensitivity, specificity (ie. the reaction only at S), the ability to use in the field, the ability to assess the availability of S quality, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

The main methods of indication of the S in the field are organoleptic and chemical.

Organoleptic method always precedes the use of other methods and by external signs (the dull sound of bursting chemical munition, small funnel, possible residues of liquid S in the craters, a cloud of fog in the explosion, the appearance of dark spray strips for planes, the appearance of specific odors, etc.) gives an indication of the use of enemy chemical weapons.

Chemical method is based on the change in color of the chemical reagent solution (calorimetric reaction) or of formation of insoluble substances, turbidity of the solution (nephelometric reaction).

Calorimetric reaction allows to determine the presence of CQ not only qualitatively, but the color intensity of the solution to judge the degree of concentration, ie. to quantify.

1) Military chemical reconnaissance device VPKHRdesigned to determine in the air, the terrain and technology S type VX, sarin, soman, mustard, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid and CYANOGEN chloride (figure 3. 13).

Figure 3.13. Military chemical reconnaissance device VPKHR

The device VPKHR. The device consists of a housing with a lid and placed in them: hand pump 7, the nozzle to the pump 3, paper tapes with indicator tubes 11, protective caps 4, smoke filters 5, flashlight 7, warmer 10 and cartridges to it 6. In addition, the device comes complete with a spatula for sampling 9, pin 8, ".Instruction manual", guide to the product, guide to determining RH type soman in the air, shoulder strap 2 with braid. Unit weight – 2,3 kg, sensitivity to organophosphorus S to 5-10^-6 mg/l, to phosgene, hydrocyanic acid and CYANOGEN chloride to 5-10^-3 mg/l, the mustard – to 2-10^-3 mg/l: operating temperature range from – 40 to +40°C.

Figure 3.14. Hand pump

1 – pump head; 2 – pump cylinder; 3 – the pump handle; 4 – ampoule vskryvatel

Hand pump (piston) serves for swinging the infected air through the indicator tube, to do this, which is set into the slot of the pump head. When 50-60 the swing pump 1 min through the indicator tube takes about 2 l air. The pump head has a knife to cut two grooves for breaking off the ends of test tubes; in a pump handle – ampeliscidae (figure 3.14).

Figure 3.15. Nozzle to the pump

1 – housing; 2 – funnel; 3 – glass cylinder; 4 – nut; 5 – fit ring; 6 – latch

Nozzle to the pump is the fixture, allows you to increase the amount of vapour S, passing through the indicator tube, when determining the agents on the ground and various objects, in granular materials, and also discover S in the smoke and take samples of smoke (figure 3.15).

Indicator tube, located in cassettes, intended for the determination of S and are sealed glass tubes, which are placed inside the filler and vials with reagents (figure 3.16).

Figure 3.16. The indicator tube to determine the S

a – with red ring and red dot – Zarina (GB), soman (GD) and VX (VX): 1 – the body of the tube; 2 – cotton swabs; 3 filler; 4 – vials with reagents;

b – with three green rings – phosgene (CG), hydrocyanic acid (AC) and CYANOGEN (SC);

in – ring with yellow mustard (HD)

The indicator tube is marked with coloured rings and stacked in paper cassettes 10 PCs. On the front side of the cassette given color standard and a color specified using tubes (figure 3.17).

Figure 3.17. The location indicator tubes

For determination of RH type C-s and B-z are tube it 46 (with brown ring). The kit VPHR they are not included and are supplied separately.

Protective caps are used to protect the inner surface of the funnel nozzle from infection droplets S and for placing soil samples and bulk materials in determining them S.

Smoke filters used to determine the S in the smoke, small amounts of S in soil and granular materials, and when sampling the smoke. They consist of one layer of filtering material (cardboard) and several layers of nylon fabric.

Warmer serves for preheating indicator tubes at lowered ambient temperatures from -40 to +10 °C. It consists of a plastic housing with two eyelets, in which is inserted a pin to puncture the cartridge, provides heating. Inside the body warmer has four metal tubes: three small diameter for indicator tubes and one large diameter for the cartridge.

Definition of om in the air. First define a pair of S nerve, for what it is necessary to take two flat tube with a red ring and red dot. With a knife on the pump head notching, and then to break off the ends of test tubes. Using ampliscreen with a red underline and point, to break top vials of both tubes and, taking the tube over the upper ends of, vigorously shake them 2-3 times. One tube (experienced) unmarked end to insert the pump and pump air through it (5-6 swings), through the second (control) the air is not pumped and it is installed in the rack enclosure.

Then ampliscreen to break the bottom ampoule of both tubes and after shaking them to monitor the color transition of the control tube from red to yellow. By the time of the formation of yellow colour in the control tube red top layer experienced filler tube indicates a dangerous concentration of S (Zarina, soman or VX). If in the test tube yellow color of the filler will appear simultaneously with control, this indicates the absence of S or a small concentration. In this case, the definition of om in the air repeat, but instead 5-6 swings make 30-40 the swing pump, and bottom of the ampoule break after 2-3 minute exposure. Positive evidence in this case show virtually safe concentrations AVAILABLE.

Regardless of the readings obtained when the content of S nerve identify the unstable air S (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, CYANOGEN chloride) with the help of the indicator tube with three green rings. For this you need to open up, to break it in a vial, using ampliscreen with three green features, insert the unmarked end into the socket of the pump and make 10-15 swings. After that, remove the tube from the pump, compare the color of the filler with the standard, printed on the front side of the cassette.

Then determine the vapor of mustard gas indicator tube with one yellow ring. For this you need to open up, insert into the pump, to pump the air (60 swings) pump, remove the tube from the pump and after 1 min compare the color of the filler with the standard, marked on the cassette for flat tubes with one yellow ring.

For inspection of air at lower temperatures tube with a red ring and the dot and one yellow ring to be heated by using heaters to their opening. Thawing pipes with a red ring and the dot is produced at ambient temperature 0 °C and below during the 0,5-3 min. After thawing the tubes to open, to break top vials, shake vigorously, insert into the pump and prosecute air through the experimental tube. The control tube is in the tripod. Next, you should preheat both the tube in the heating pad. for 1 min, to break the bottom ampoule experimental and control tubes, at the same time shake and observe the color change of the filler.

Tube with a yellow ring at ambient temperature +15 °C heated for 1-2 minutes after procosa through no, contaminated air.

In the case of the dubious testimony of a tube with three green rings in the determination mainly of the presence of hydrocyanic acid in air at low temperatures it is necessary to repeat measurement with the use of warmer, what is the phone after procosa air to put in the bottle.

When determining the agents in the smoke need: place the handset into the socket on the- coca; to get out of the instrument nozzle and secure in her smoke cut filter to screw the nozzle on the threads of the pump head; to make the corresponding amount of the swing pump; to remove the nozzle removed from the pump heads indicator tube and allow the identification of S.

The definition of assessment on the ground, techniques and different subjects it begins with the definition of S nerve. For this, in contrast to the methods of preparation of the device, in the funnel of the nozzle insert protective cap. Then apply the nozzle to the soil or to the surface of the inspected object, to funnel coated area with the most pronounced signs of infection, and, pumping through the tube the air, do 60 the swing pump. Remove the nozzle, throw away the cap, removed from the socket the indicator tube to determine the presence of S.

For the detection of om in the soil and granular materials prepared and inserted into the corresponding pump indicator tube, screw nozzle, insert cap, then shovel take a sample of topsoil (snow) or granular material and poured it into the funnel of the cap to the brim. Funnel cover anti-smoke filter and fix the clamping ring. After that, through the indicator tube pumped air (to 120 of the oscillations of the pump), throw away the protective cap together with the sample and anti-smoke filter. Unscrewing the nozzle, remove the indicator tube to determine the presence of S.