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O’the object and subject of philosophy

O’the object and subject of philosophy

The emergence of philosophy became a historical turning point in the spiritual life of society. It meant a break with mythological beliefs about the existence of man and the world, religious and moral views about them and the subject-figurative thinking PA the use of theoretical and conceptual thinking. Philosophy seeks to answer the PA questions, they can't give the answer no science. In the theoretical world philosophy relies on data science, but, however, shows the main directions of its development, is a reliable methodological basis of her research. Scientific-theoretical and practical-spiritual aspects of worldview in philosophy are combined organically and expediently. Step by step philosophy with elitist forms of culture becomes the core way of living and thinking every person of a civilized democratic society. 

The emergence of the term “philosophy” stand’is associated with the names of two famous thinkers of Ancient Greece: some sources Heraclitus (530-470 BC. E.), others Pythagoras (580-500 to n. E.). This term is translated from Greek as “the love of wisdom”, what to understand without explanation and in-depth scientific analysis impossible. 

Any knowledge system has a’object and subject. Under the o’the object is then, the study confronts the sub’CTU, that is, of consciousness, inner world of people, as a reality in its almost-perevarivaniu and cognitive activity. The subject is considered to be a certain integrity, stands out’object, those aspects, part, properties, studied.  

In one’the object can be the subject of many Sciences. For example, nature, how about’object of knowledge, studying physics, chemistry, astronomy, science in General, and each of them explores the nature of the aspect or object. So, biology studies the General and specific regularities of life in all its manifestations and properties (metabolism, reproduction, heredity, variability, fixtures and the like); biogeochemistry — chemical composition of living matter and geochemical processes in the Earth's biosphere, what is happening with the participation of living organisms; agrometeorology meteorological, climatic and hydrological conditions for growing crops and t. Dr. Obviously, the juxtaposition of the subject and the o’of the object of study in General terms unlawful. The main difference from the object’object is, what subject are only the main, significant from the point of view of specific research, properties, the quality and characteristics of the o’object. Regarding philosophers, it’object has always been: 

1) the nature and essence of the world; 

2) the nature and essence of man.; 

3) the relationship between peace and man.

The subject of philosophy historically and movable concrete. He is constantly improving, clarifies and changes. These processes occurred and are occurring for two main ways: “branch”, that is, the separation from diverse knowledge systems as they accumulate, and “the determination”.

In the ancient world philosophy was seen as “science Sciences”, o’the unity of the whole amount of knowledge posarelli, art and contemporary knowledge of General rules and norms of behavior of people. So, Aristotle (384-382 to n. E.) allocated in philosophy theoretical (speculative), practical and poetic (creative) part. The purpose of theoretical philosophy he defined as “knowledge for knowledge”, included in her math, physics and “first philosophy”, or metaphysics. The followers of Aristotle name “metaphysics” (it, after physics) PA has become the synonym of philosophy. Now this term refers to the common ontology and method, opposite to dialectics. The aim of practical philosophy Aristotle thought “knowledge for activities” and included in her ethics, Economics and politics, and poetic — “knowledge for the sake of creativity”, that is, poetics, rhetoric, art.

Understanding of the subject of philosophy as “science Sciences” preserved for a long period of historical time. Even in the middle of XVII in. the outstanding French philosopher and mathematician R. Descartes argued: “The whole philosophy is like a tree, the roots are metaphysics, the trunk is physics, and the branches, coming out of this barrel, — all other science, which consist of three main: medicine, mechanics and ethics”. The great scientist And. Newton his work with mechanics called “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy” (1687), To. Linnaeus — fundamentals of botany — “Philosophy of botany” (175Th), and J. B. Lamarque — biology — “The philosophy of Zoology” (1809).

Gradually from philosophy branched off and gained relative independence such science, as the mechanics of terrestrial and celestial bodies, astronomy, mathematics, physics, biology, etc. Simultaneously snowsnakes and philosophy. Already the Stoics (IV St. to n. E.) philosophy began with logic, while ethics was the main teaching of the understanding of the fate of people and their relation to the eternal and infinite peace. The founder of German classical philosophy And. Kant understood philosophy as a doctrine of the unity of truth, goodness and beauty, a leading figure of this philosophy G. Hegel, as a dialectical system of logic, the philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit, under which the VIP understood the complex philosophical doctrines about state and law, world history, art, religion and philosophy. The representative of the materialistic movement in German philosophy L. Feuerbach considered the sole, universal and highest object of philosophy is the doctrine of man, and the founders of Marxist philosophy To. Marx and f. Engels argued, that the subject matter of philosophy are the most General laws of development of nature, society and consciousness of people.

The content of the subject of philosophy new content continues today, because philosophical thought is — CA the doctrine of eternal. Throughout its history, it develops and is enriched, but at the same time retains the continuity of Poznan. O’the object of its study is inexhaustible. It is implemented in the subject, which includes: 

• ontology — the study of Genesis; 

• epistemology — study of knowledge; 

• the principle — the doctrine of the nature of values and their place in reality, about models of the world, that is, SV’s different values among themselves, social and cultural factors and the content of personality; 

• methodology — the doctrine about the principles and ways of organization and construction of theoretical and practical activities; 

• logic — the study of the methods of proof and refutation, about General forms and ways of thinking, necessary for rational knowledge; 

• social philosophy — the doctrine about the society and the individual; 

• ethics — teaching about morality as a form of social consciousness; 

• aesthetics — the doctrine of perfect, the relation of man to the world from the point of view of perfection — imperfection, beautiful — unworthy, tragic — comic and art activities; 

• philosophical problems of science in General and of particular Sciences.

 

So, the philosophy is theoretical Outlook, the doctrine about the General principles of being and cognition, on the relation of man to the world, the system of generalized views of the world in General and my place in it. O’object of studying philosophy asserting the value of human personality, humanism for public relations, social progress and scientific creativity. Philosophical thought is a scientific theoretical, spiritual and practical thought of the eternal. O’the object of philosophical reflection remains, he is always there. However philosophy continually reflects the needs of the time, affect the hearts and minds of his contemporaries. Numerous directions, courses and schools in philosophy are heirs of its subject. The impact of philosophy on human life and society is manifested in its functions. 

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